The Roman numerals converter translates between standard integers and Roman numerals. Enter a number from 1 to 3,999 or type Roman numerals to see the conversion instantly.
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How to Read Roman Numerals
Roman numerals use seven letters: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000). The key rule is subtractive notation: when a smaller value precedes a larger, you subtract. This Roman numerals converter handles all standard forms from 1 to 3,999.
Step 1: Learn the Seven Symbols
Memorize the seven base values in order: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. Numbers are generally written from largest to smallest left to right: VIII = 5+1+1+1 = 8. LXIII = 50+10+1+1+1 = 63.
Step 2: Apply Subtractive Notation
Six subtractive combinations are standard: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400), CM (900). Only these six are valid — IIX is not standard for 8 (use VIII). IIXX is not standard for 18 (use XVIII).
Step 3: Parse Large Numbers Left to Right
For MCMXCIX: start at M=1000, then CM=900 (1000-100), then XC=90 (100-10), then IX=9 (10-1). Total: 1000+900+90+9 = 1999. Always scan left to right, and when you see a smaller value before a larger one, it is a subtractive pair.
FAQ
Is this Roman numerals converter free?
Yes, completely free with no signup required. Supports numbers from 1 to 3,999.
What are the Roman numeral symbols and values?
I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. Subtractive notation applies when a smaller value precedes a larger: IV=4, IX=9, XL=40, XC=90, CD=400, CM=900.
Why does Roman numerals stop at 3999?
Standard Roman numerals use a maximum of three M's (MMM = 3000) as the highest standard symbol. Writing 4000 (MMMM) would require a non-standard fourth M. Some systems use vinculum (overline) notation for larger numbers.
What year is MCMXCIX?
MCMXCIX = 1999. M=1000, CM=900, XC=90, IX=9. Add them up: 1000+900+90+9 = 1999.
Are Roman numerals still used today?
Yes. Roman numerals appear in clock faces, movie sequels (Rocky II, III, IV), copyright years in film credits, Super Bowl numbers, outline numbering in documents, and ordinal designations for monarchs and popes.